Electrocatalysis utilizing 2D materials is an encouraging approach for advancing sustainable energy conversion technologies. This review explores the strategies employed to achieve robust electrocatalytic activity of 2D materials in key reactions, namely, the OER, HER, and CO2RR. The distinct structural and electrical characteristics of 2D materials offer opportunities for rapid catalytic performance, indicating significant energy efficiency and selectivity. We systematically discuss the factors governing the electrocatalytic efficiency of two-dimensional materials, including their intrinsic properties, surface modification techniques, heterostructure engineering, and the role of defects. Furthermore, we summarize the recent advances in experimental and theoretical studies to understand the fundamental mechanisms of 2D materials with respect to their catalytic behavior. For the HER, OER, and ORR, defect engineering …